Scientific Evaluation of Forensic Biology & Serology Technology in the 21st Century.

 Scientific Evaluation of Forensic Biology & Serology Technology in the 21st Century.

By GOWTHAM T - Volunteer of C.A.S.E. 23 Official.

The document explores the rapid advancements in forensic biology and serology over the past two decades, emphasizing their growing importance in solving crimes through the examination of biological evidence.

Evolution and Impact

Forensic biology analyzes biological materials including blood, saliva, and DNA to tie suspects to crime scenes. Serology, on the other hand, examines body fluids to identify antigens and antibodies. Traditional procedures such as blood typing and serological testing have developed over time into very accurate DNA profiling approaches. DNA profiling, particularly Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) amplification and Short Tandem Repeat (STR) analysis, has transformed criminal investigation by delivering precise identifications even from damaged or limited materials.

                                        FIG.01 PCR

Next-Generation Sequencing (NGS)

NGS has expanded the scope of forensic biology beyond current DNA profiling methods. It allows forensic scientists to analyze entire genomes, offering insights into genetic variants, ancestry, and phenotypic traits. This technology enhances the investigation of complex mixtures in biological samples, improving the extraction of valuable information.

Microarray Technology

Microarray technology has significantly advanced both forensic biology and serology. It enables simultaneous analysis of numerous DNA samples, genes, and proteins on a single

platform. In forensic biology, microarrays assist in gene expression, SNP genotyping, and DNA methylation profiling, while in serology, they improve antigen and antibody identification, enhancing the sensitivity of forensic investigations.

Serological Advances

Immunoassay techniques like ELISA and Chemiluminescent Assays have advanced the detection of body fluids, providing fast and accurate identification of antigens and antibodies. Microfluidic devices and lab-on-a-chip technologies have revolutionized serological analyses by reducing time and resource requirements.

                                    FIG.02 ELISA

Challenges and Ethical Issues

While technological advancements are promising, concerns remain regarding sample contamination, interpretation errors, and genetic privacy. Ethical practices and strong quality control are essential to maintaining the integrity of forensic investigations.

Future Directions

The future of forensic biology and serology looks bright, with advancements in DNA sequencing technologies and the integration of artificial intelligence. These innovations will improve the accuracy and speed of forensic investigations, enhancing justice.

References

Serology in the 21st Century: The Molecular-Level Analysis of the Serum Antibody Repertoire - PMC (nih.gov)

Recent advances in forensic biology and forensic DNA typing: INTERPOL review 2019–2022 - PMC (nih.gov)

The development, status and future of forensics in India - ScienceDirect